Document Type
Article
Publication Date
12-2025
Keywords
Intrinsic disinfection byproducts, chloronitramide anion, chlorite, chlorate, perchlorate, hypochlorite feedstocks
Abstract
Intrinsic disinfection byproducts are formed by reactions between disinfectant species and/or their decomposition products. In this review, we focus on a subset that accumulates in free chlorine and chloramine drinking water systems. First, we review the sequential formation of chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate in hypochlorite feedstocks. Model simulations indicate chlorate and perchlorate can accumulate under realistic dosing conditions and can be managed with less concentrated feedstocks and climate-controlled storage. Second, we review the formation pathways of dichloramine and chloronitramide anion. Chloronitramide anion accumulation may be mitigated by increasing monochloramine stability and quenching reactive nitrogen species in its formation pathway.
Citation
Julian L. Fairey, Ashley D. Pifer, David G. Wahman, Intrinsic disinfection byproducts in free chlorine and chloramine systems: Formation of chlorite, chlorate, perchlorate, and chloronitramide anion, Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, Volume 48, 2025, 100684, ISSN 2468-5844, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2025.100684.
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 International License.
Comments
Web of Science
Elsevier